semantic_world.cpp

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/* Author: Sachin Chitta */
 
#include <visualization_msgs/msg/marker_array.hpp>
#include <geometry_msgs/msg/quaternion.hpp>
// MoveIt
#include <moveit/semantic_world/semantic_world.h>
#include <geometric_shapes/shape_operations.h>
#include <moveit_msgs/msg/planning_scene.hpp>
#include <moveit/utils/logger.hpp>
// OpenCV
#include <opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp>
#include <rclcpp/experimental/buffers/intra_process_buffer.hpp>
#include <rclcpp/logger.hpp>
#include <rclcpp/logging.hpp>
#include <rclcpp/node.hpp>
#include <rclcpp/publisher.hpp>
#include <rclcpp/version.h>
#if RCLCPP_VERSION_GTE(20, 0, 0)
#include <rclcpp/event_handler.hpp>
#else
#include <rclcpp/qos_event.hpp>
#endif
#include <rclcpp/subscription.hpp>
 
// Eigen
#include <tf2_eigen/tf2_eigen.hpp>
#include <Eigen/Geometry>
 
namespace moveit
{
namespace semantic_world
{
 
SemanticWorld::SemanticWorld(const rclcpp::Node::SharedPtr& node,
                             const planning_scene::PlanningSceneConstPtr& planning_scene)
  : planning_scene_(planning_scene), node_handle_(node), logger_(moveit::getLogger("moveit.ros.semantic_world"))
 
{
  table_subscriber_ = node_handle_->create_subscription<object_recognition_msgs::msg::TableArray>(
      "table_array", rclcpp::SystemDefaultsQoS(),
      [this](const object_recognition_msgs::msg::TableArray::ConstSharedPtr& msg) { return tableCallback(msg); });
  visualization_publisher_ =
      node_handle_->create_publisher<visualization_msgs::msg::MarkerArray>("visualize_place", 20);
  collision_object_publisher_ =
      node_handle_->create_publisher<moveit_msgs::msg::CollisionObject>("/collision_object", 20);
  planning_scene_diff_publisher_ = node_handle_->create_publisher<moveit_msgs::msg::PlanningScene>("planning_scene", 1);
}
 
visualization_msgs::msg::MarkerArray
SemanticWorld::getPlaceLocationsMarker(const std::vector<geometry_msgs::msg::PoseStamped>& poses) const
{
  RCLCPP_DEBUG(logger_, "Visualizing: %d place poses", static_cast<int>(poses.size()));
  visualization_msgs::msg::MarkerArray marker;
  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < poses.size(); ++i)
  {
    visualization_msgs::msg::Marker m;
    m.action = m.ADD;
    m.type = m.SPHERE;
    m.ns = "place_locations";
    m.id = i;
    m.pose = poses[i].pose;
    m.header = poses[i].header;
 
    m.scale.x = 0.02;
    m.scale.y = 0.02;
    m.scale.z = 0.02;
 
    m.color.r = 1.0;
    m.color.g = 0.0;
    m.color.b = 0.0;
    m.color.a = 1.0;
    marker.markers.push_back(m);
  }
  return marker;
}
 
bool SemanticWorld::addTablesToCollisionWorld()
{
  moveit_msgs::msg::PlanningScene planning_scene;
  planning_scene.is_diff = true;
 
  // Remove the existing tables
  std::map<std::string, object_recognition_msgs::msg::Table>::iterator it;
  for (it = current_tables_in_collision_world_.begin(); it != current_tables_in_collision_world_.end(); ++it)
  {
    moveit_msgs::msg::CollisionObject co;
    co.id = it->first;
    co.operation = moveit_msgs::msg::CollisionObject::REMOVE;
    planning_scene.world.collision_objects.push_back(co);
    //    collision_object_publisher_.publish(co);
  }
 
  planning_scene_diff_publisher_->publish(planning_scene);
  planning_scene.world.collision_objects.clear();
  current_tables_in_collision_world_.clear();
  // Add the new tables
  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < table_array_.tables.size(); ++i)
  {
    moveit_msgs::msg::CollisionObject co;
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << "table_" << i;
    co.id = ss.str();
    current_tables_in_collision_world_[co.id] = table_array_.tables[i];
    co.operation = moveit_msgs::msg::CollisionObject::ADD;
 
    const std::vector<geometry_msgs::msg::Point>& convex_hull = table_array_.tables[i].convex_hull;
 
    EigenSTL::vector_Vector3d vertices(convex_hull.size());
    std::vector<unsigned int> triangles((vertices.size() - 2) * 3);
    for (unsigned int j = 0; j < convex_hull.size(); ++j)
      vertices[j] = Eigen::Vector3d(convex_hull[j].x, convex_hull[j].y, convex_hull[j].z);
    for (unsigned int j = 1; j < triangles.size() - 1; ++j)
    {
      unsigned int i3 = j * 3;
      triangles[i3++] = 0;
      triangles[i3++] = j;
      triangles[i3] = j + 1;
    }
 
    shapes::Shape* table_shape = shapes::createMeshFromVertices(vertices, triangles);
    if (!table_shape)
      continue;
 
    shapes::Mesh* table_mesh = static_cast<shapes::Mesh*>(table_shape);
    shapes::Mesh* table_mesh_solid = orientPlanarPolygon(*table_mesh);
    if (!table_mesh_solid)
    {
      delete table_shape;
      continue;
    }
 
    shapes::ShapeMsg table_shape_msg;
    if (!shapes::constructMsgFromShape(table_mesh_solid, table_shape_msg))
    {
      delete table_shape;
      delete table_mesh_solid;
      continue;
    }
 
    const shape_msgs::msg::Mesh& table_shape_msg_mesh = boost::get<shape_msgs::msg::Mesh>(table_shape_msg);
 
    co.meshes.push_back(table_shape_msg_mesh);
    co.mesh_poses.push_back(table_array_.tables[i].pose);
    co.header = table_array_.tables[i].header;
    planning_scene.world.collision_objects.push_back(co);
    //    collision_object_publisher_.publish(co);
    delete table_shape;
    delete table_mesh_solid;
  }
  planning_scene_diff_publisher_->publish(planning_scene);
  return true;
}
 
object_recognition_msgs::msg::TableArray SemanticWorld::getTablesInROI(double minx, double miny, double minz,
                                                                       double maxx, double maxy, double maxz) const
{
  object_recognition_msgs::msg::TableArray tables_in_roi;
  std::map<std::string, object_recognition_msgs::msg::Table>::const_iterator it;
  for (it = current_tables_in_collision_world_.begin(); it != current_tables_in_collision_world_.end(); ++it)
  {
    if (it->second.pose.position.x >= minx && it->second.pose.position.x <= maxx &&
        it->second.pose.position.y >= miny && it->second.pose.position.y <= maxy &&
        it->second.pose.position.z >= minz && it->second.pose.position.z <= maxz)
    {
      tables_in_roi.tables.push_back(it->second);
    }
  }
  return tables_in_roi;
}
 
std::vector<std::string> SemanticWorld::getTableNamesInROI(double minx, double miny, double minz, double maxx,
                                                           double maxy, double maxz) const
{
  std::vector<std::string> result;
  std::map<std::string, object_recognition_msgs::msg::Table>::const_iterator it;
  for (it = current_tables_in_collision_world_.begin(); it != current_tables_in_collision_world_.end(); ++it)
  {
    if (it->second.pose.position.x >= minx && it->second.pose.position.x <= maxx &&
        it->second.pose.position.y >= miny && it->second.pose.position.y <= maxy &&
        it->second.pose.position.z >= minz && it->second.pose.position.z <= maxz)
    {
      result.push_back(it->first);
    }
  }
  return result;
}
 
void SemanticWorld::clear()
{
  table_array_.tables.clear();
  current_tables_in_collision_world_.clear();
}
 
std::vector<geometry_msgs::msg::PoseStamped>
SemanticWorld::generatePlacePoses(const std::string& table_name, const shapes::ShapeConstPtr& object_shape,
                                  const geometry_msgs::msg::Quaternion& object_orientation, double resolution,
                                  double delta_height, unsigned int num_heights) const
{
  object_recognition_msgs::msg::Table chosen_table;
  std::map<std::string, object_recognition_msgs::msg::Table>::const_iterator it =
      current_tables_in_collision_world_.find(table_name);
 
  if (it != current_tables_in_collision_world_.end())
  {
    chosen_table = it->second;
    return generatePlacePoses(chosen_table, object_shape, object_orientation, resolution, delta_height, num_heights);
  }
 
  std::vector<geometry_msgs::msg::PoseStamped> place_poses;
  RCLCPP_ERROR(logger_, "Did not find table %s to place on", table_name.c_str());
  return place_poses;
}
 
std::vector<geometry_msgs::msg::PoseStamped>
SemanticWorld::generatePlacePoses(const object_recognition_msgs::msg::Table& chosen_table,
                                  const shapes::ShapeConstPtr& object_shape,
                                  const geometry_msgs::msg::Quaternion& object_orientation, double resolution,
                                  double delta_height, unsigned int num_heights) const
{
  std::vector<geometry_msgs::msg::PoseStamped> place_poses;
  if (object_shape->type != shapes::MESH && object_shape->type != shapes::SPHERE && object_shape->type != shapes::BOX &&
      object_shape->type != shapes::CYLINDER && object_shape->type != shapes::CONE)
  {
    return place_poses;
  }
 
  double x_min(std::numeric_limits<double>::max()), x_max(-std::numeric_limits<double>::max());
  double y_min(std::numeric_limits<double>::max()), y_max(-std::numeric_limits<double>::max());
  double z_min(std::numeric_limits<double>::max()), z_max(-std::numeric_limits<double>::max());
 
  Eigen::Quaterniond rotation(object_orientation.x, object_orientation.y, object_orientation.z, object_orientation.w);
  Eigen::Isometry3d object_pose(rotation);
  double min_distance_from_edge = 0;
  double height_above_table = 0;
 
  if (object_shape->type == shapes::MESH)
  {
    const shapes::Mesh* mesh = static_cast<const shapes::Mesh*>(object_shape.get());
 
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < mesh->vertex_count; ++i)
    {
      Eigen::Vector3d position(mesh->vertices[3 * i], mesh->vertices[3 * i + 1], mesh->vertices[3 * i + 2]);
      position = object_pose * position;
 
      if (x_min > position.x())
        x_min = position.x();
      if (x_max < position.x())
        x_max = position.x();
      if (y_min > position.y())
        y_min = position.y();
      if (y_max < position.y())
        y_max = position.y();
      if (z_min > position.z())
        z_min = position.z();
      if (z_max < position.z())
        z_max = position.z();
    }
    min_distance_from_edge = 0.5 * std::max<double>(fabs(x_max - x_min), fabs(y_max - y_min));
    height_above_table = -z_min;
  }
  else if (object_shape->type == shapes::BOX)  // assuming box is being kept down upright
  {
    const shapes::Box* box = static_cast<const shapes::Box*>(object_shape.get());
    min_distance_from_edge = std::max<double>(fabs(box->size[0]), fabs(box->size[1])) / 2.0;
    height_above_table = fabs(box->size[2]) / 2.0;
  }
  else if (object_shape->type == shapes::SPHERE)
  {
    const shapes::Sphere* sphere = static_cast<const shapes::Sphere*>(object_shape.get());
    min_distance_from_edge = sphere->radius;
    height_above_table = -sphere->radius;
  }
  else if (object_shape->type == shapes::CYLINDER)  // assuming cylinder is being kept down upright
  {
    const shapes::Cylinder* cylinder = static_cast<const shapes::Cylinder*>(object_shape.get());
    min_distance_from_edge = cylinder->radius;
    height_above_table = cylinder->length / 2.0;
  }
  else if (object_shape->type == shapes::CONE)  // assuming cone is being kept down upright
  {
    const shapes::Cone* cone = static_cast<const shapes::Cone*>(object_shape.get());
    min_distance_from_edge = cone->radius;
    height_above_table = cone->length / 2.0;
  }
 
  return generatePlacePoses(chosen_table, resolution, height_above_table, delta_height, num_heights,
                            min_distance_from_edge);
}
 
std::vector<geometry_msgs::msg::PoseStamped>
SemanticWorld::generatePlacePoses(const object_recognition_msgs::msg::Table& table, double resolution,
                                  double height_above_table, double delta_height, unsigned int num_heights,
                                  double min_distance_from_edge) const
{
  std::vector<geometry_msgs::msg::PoseStamped> place_poses;
  // Assumption that the table's normal is along the Z axis
  if (table.convex_hull.empty())
    return place_poses;
  const int scale_factor = 100;
  std::vector<cv::Point2f> table_contour;
  float x_min = table.convex_hull[0].x, x_max = x_min, y_min = table.convex_hull[0].y, y_max = y_min;
  for (std::size_t j = 1; j < table.convex_hull.size(); ++j)
  {
    if (table.convex_hull[j].x < x_min)
    {
      x_min = table.convex_hull[j].x;
    }
    else if (table.convex_hull[j].x > x_max)
    {
      x_max = table.convex_hull[j].x;
    }
    if (table.convex_hull[j].y < y_min)
    {
      y_min = table.convex_hull[j].y;
    }
    else if (table.convex_hull[j].y > y_max)
    {
      y_max = table.convex_hull[j].y;
    }
  }
  for (const geometry_msgs::msg::Point& vertex : table.convex_hull)
    table_contour.push_back(cv::Point((vertex.x - x_min) * scale_factor, (vertex.y - y_min) * scale_factor));
 
  double x_range = fabs(x_max - x_min);
  double y_range = fabs(y_max - y_min);
  int max_range = static_cast<int>(x_range) + 1;
  if (max_range < static_cast<int>(y_range) + 1)
    max_range = static_cast<int>(y_range) + 1;
 
  int image_scale = std::max<int>(max_range, 4);
  cv::Mat src = cv::Mat::zeros(image_scale * scale_factor, image_scale * scale_factor, CV_8UC1);
 
  for (std::size_t j = 0; j < table.convex_hull.size(); ++j)
  {
    cv::line(src, table_contour[j], table_contour[(j + 1) % table.convex_hull.size()], cv::Scalar(255), 3, 8);
  }
 
  unsigned int num_x = fabs(x_max - x_min) / resolution + 1;
  unsigned int num_y = fabs(y_max - y_min) / resolution + 1;
 
  RCLCPP_DEBUG(logger_, "Num points for possible place operations: %d %d", num_x, num_y);
 
  std::vector<std::vector<cv::Point> > contours;
  std::vector<cv::Vec4i> hierarchy;
  cv::findContours(src, contours, hierarchy, cv::RETR_TREE, cv::CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE);
 
  for (std::size_t j = 0; j < num_x; ++j)
  {
    int point_x = j * resolution * scale_factor;
    for (std::size_t k = 0; k < num_y; ++k)
    {
      for (std::size_t mm = 0; mm < num_heights; ++mm)
      {
        int point_y = k * resolution * scale_factor;
        cv::Point2f point2f(point_x, point_y);
        double result = cv::pointPolygonTest(contours[0], point2f, true);
        if (static_cast<int>(result) >= static_cast<int>(min_distance_from_edge * scale_factor))
        {
          Eigen::Vector3d point(static_cast<double>(point_x) / scale_factor + x_min,
                                static_cast<double>(point_y) / scale_factor + y_min,
                                height_above_table + mm * delta_height);
          Eigen::Isometry3d pose;
          tf2::fromMsg(table.pose, pose);
          point = pose * point;
          geometry_msgs::msg::PoseStamped place_pose;
          place_pose.pose.orientation.w = 1.0;
          place_pose.pose.position.x = point.x();
          place_pose.pose.position.y = point.y();
          place_pose.pose.position.z = point.z();
          place_pose.header = table.header;
          place_poses.push_back(place_pose);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return place_poses;
}
 
bool SemanticWorld::isInsideTableContour(const geometry_msgs::msg::Pose& pose,
                                         const object_recognition_msgs::msg::Table& table,
                                         double min_distance_from_edge, double min_vertical_offset) const
{
  // Assumption that the table's normal is along the Z axis
  if (table.convex_hull.empty())
    return false;
  float x_min = table.convex_hull[0].x, x_max = x_min, y_min = table.convex_hull[0].y, y_max = y_min;
  for (std::size_t j = 1; j < table.convex_hull.size(); ++j)
  {
    if (table.convex_hull[j].x < x_min)
    {
      x_min = table.convex_hull[j].x;
    }
    else if (table.convex_hull[j].x > x_max)
    {
      x_max = table.convex_hull[j].x;
    }
    if (table.convex_hull[j].y < y_min)
    {
      y_min = table.convex_hull[j].y;
    }
    else if (table.convex_hull[j].y > y_max)
    {
      y_max = table.convex_hull[j].y;
    }
  }
  const int scale_factor = 100;
  std::vector<cv::Point2f> table_contour;
  for (const geometry_msgs::msg::Point& vertex : table.convex_hull)
    table_contour.push_back(cv::Point((vertex.x - x_min) * scale_factor, (vertex.y - y_min) * scale_factor));
 
  double x_range = fabs(x_max - x_min);
  double y_range = fabs(y_max - y_min);
  int max_range = static_cast<int>(x_range) + 1;
  if (max_range < static_cast<int>(y_range) + 1)
    max_range = static_cast<int>(y_range) + 1;
 
  int image_scale = std::max<int>(max_range, 4);
  cv::Mat src = cv::Mat::zeros(image_scale * scale_factor, image_scale * scale_factor, CV_8UC1);
 
  for (std::size_t j = 0; j < table.convex_hull.size(); ++j)
  {
    cv::line(src, table_contour[j], table_contour[(j + 1) % table.convex_hull.size()], cv::Scalar(255), 3, 8);
  }
 
  std::vector<std::vector<cv::Point> > contours;
  std::vector<cv::Vec4i> hierarchy;
  cv::findContours(src, contours, hierarchy, cv::RETR_TREE, cv::CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE);
 
  Eigen::Vector3d point(pose.position.x, pose.position.y, pose.position.z);
  Eigen::Isometry3d pose_table;
  tf2::fromMsg(table.pose, pose_table);
 
  // Point in table frame
  point = pose_table.inverse() * point;
  // Assuming Z axis points upwards for the table
  if (point.z() < -fabs(min_vertical_offset))
  {
    RCLCPP_ERROR(logger_, "Object is not above table");
    return false;
  }
 
  int point_x = (point.x() - x_min) * scale_factor;
  int point_y = (point.y() - y_min) * scale_factor;
  cv::Point2f point2f(point_x, point_y);
  double result = cv::pointPolygonTest(contours[0], point2f, true);
  RCLCPP_DEBUG(logger_, "table distance: %f", result);
 
  return static_cast<int>(result) >= static_cast<int>(min_distance_from_edge * scale_factor);
}
 
std::string SemanticWorld::findObjectTable(const geometry_msgs::msg::Pose& pose, double min_distance_from_edge,
                                           double min_vertical_offset) const
{
  std::map<std::string, object_recognition_msgs::msg::Table>::const_iterator it;
  for (it = current_tables_in_collision_world_.begin(); it != current_tables_in_collision_world_.end(); ++it)
  {
    RCLCPP_DEBUG_STREAM(logger_, "Testing table: " << it->first);
    if (isInsideTableContour(pose, it->second, min_distance_from_edge, min_vertical_offset))
      return it->first;
  }
  return std::string();
}
 
void SemanticWorld::tableCallback(const object_recognition_msgs::msg::TableArray::ConstSharedPtr& msg)
{
  table_array_ = *msg;
  RCLCPP_INFO(logger_, "Table callback with %d tables", static_cast<int>(table_array_.tables.size()));
  transformTableArray(table_array_);
  // Callback on an update
  if (table_callback_)
  {
    RCLCPP_INFO(logger_, "Calling table callback");
    table_callback_();
  }
}
 
void SemanticWorld::transformTableArray(object_recognition_msgs::msg::TableArray& table_array) const
{
  for (object_recognition_msgs::msg::Table& table : table_array.tables)
  {
    std::string original_frame = table.header.frame_id;
    if (table.convex_hull.empty())
      continue;
    RCLCPP_INFO_STREAM(logger_, "Original pose: " << table.pose.position.x << ',' << table.pose.position.y << ','
                                                  << table.pose.position.z);
    std::string error_text;
    const Eigen::Isometry3d& original_transform = planning_scene_->getFrameTransform(original_frame);
    Eigen::Isometry3d original_pose;
    tf2::fromMsg(table.pose, original_pose);
    original_pose = original_transform * original_pose;
    table.pose = tf2::toMsg(original_pose);
    table.header.frame_id = planning_scene_->getTransforms().getTargetFrame();
    RCLCPP_INFO_STREAM(logger_, "Successfully transformed table array from " << original_frame << "to "
                                                                             << table.header.frame_id);
    RCLCPP_INFO_STREAM(logger_, "Transformed pose: " << table.pose.position.x << ',' << table.pose.position.y << ','
                                                     << table.pose.position.z);
  }
}
 
shapes::Mesh* SemanticWorld::orientPlanarPolygon(const shapes::Mesh& polygon) const
{
  if (polygon.vertex_count < 3 || polygon.triangle_count < 1)
    return nullptr;
  // first get the normal of the first triangle of the input polygon
  Eigen::Vector3d vec1, vec2, vec3, normal;
 
  int v_idx1 = polygon.triangles[0];
  int v_idx2 = polygon.triangles[1];
  int v_idx3 = polygon.triangles[2];
  vec1 =
      Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3 + 1], polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3 + 2]);
  vec2 =
      Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3 + 1], polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3 + 2]);
  vec3 =
      Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3 + 1], polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3 + 2]);
  vec2 -= vec1;
  vec3 -= vec1;
  normal = vec3.cross(vec2);
 
  if (normal[2] < 0.0)
    normal *= -1.0;
 
  normal.normalize();
 
  shapes::Mesh* solid = new shapes::Mesh(polygon.vertex_count, polygon.triangle_count);  // + polygon.vertex_count * 2);
  solid->type = shapes::MESH;
 
  // copy the first set of vertices
  memcpy(solid->vertices, polygon.vertices, polygon.vertex_count * 3 * sizeof(double));
  // copy the first set of triangles
  memcpy(solid->triangles, polygon.triangles, polygon.triangle_count * 3 * sizeof(unsigned int));
 
  for (unsigned t_idx = 0; t_idx < polygon.triangle_count; ++t_idx)
  {
    int v_idx1 = polygon.triangles[t_idx * 3];
    int v_idx2 = polygon.triangles[t_idx * 3 + 1];
    int v_idx3 = polygon.triangles[t_idx * 3 + 2];
 
    vec1 = Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3 + 1],
                           polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3 + 2]);
    vec2 = Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3 + 1],
                           polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3 + 2]);
    vec3 = Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3 + 1],
                           polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3 + 2]);
 
    vec2 -= vec1;
    vec3 -= vec1;
 
    Eigen::Vector3d triangle_normal = vec2.cross(vec1);
 
    if (triangle_normal.dot(normal) < 0.0)
      std::swap(solid->triangles[t_idx * 3 + 1], solid->triangles[t_idx * 3 + 2]);
  }
  return solid;
}
 
shapes::Mesh* SemanticWorld::createSolidMeshFromPlanarPolygon(const shapes::Mesh& polygon, double thickness) const
{
  if (polygon.vertex_count < 3 || polygon.triangle_count < 1 || thickness <= 0)
    return nullptr;
  // first get the normal of the first triangle of the input polygon
  Eigen::Vector3d vec1, vec2, vec3, normal;
 
  int v_idx1 = polygon.triangles[0];
  int v_idx2 = polygon.triangles[1];
  int v_idx3 = polygon.triangles[2];
  vec1 =
      Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3 + 1], polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3 + 2]);
  vec2 =
      Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3 + 1], polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3 + 2]);
  vec3 =
      Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3 + 1], polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3 + 2]);
  vec2 -= vec1;
  vec3 -= vec1;
  normal = vec3.cross(vec2);
 
  if (normal[2] < 0.0)
    normal *= -1.0;
 
  normal.normalize();
 
  // shapes::Mesh* solid = new shapes::Mesh(polygon.vertex_count, polygon.triangle_count);// + polygon.vertex_count *
  // 2);
 
  shapes::Mesh* solid =
      new shapes::Mesh(polygon.vertex_count * 2, polygon.triangle_count * 2);  // + polygon.vertex_count * 2);
  solid->type = shapes::MESH;
 
  // copy the first set of vertices
  memcpy(solid->vertices, polygon.vertices, polygon.vertex_count * 3 * sizeof(double));
  // copy the first set of triangles
  memcpy(solid->triangles, polygon.triangles, polygon.triangle_count * 3 * sizeof(unsigned int));
 
  for (unsigned t_idx = 0; t_idx < polygon.triangle_count; ++t_idx)
  {
    solid->triangles[(t_idx + polygon.triangle_count) * 3 + 0] = solid->triangles[t_idx * 3 + 0] + polygon.vertex_count;
    solid->triangles[(t_idx + polygon.triangle_count) * 3 + 1] = solid->triangles[t_idx * 3 + 1] + polygon.vertex_count;
    solid->triangles[(t_idx + polygon.triangle_count) * 3 + 2] = solid->triangles[t_idx * 3 + 2] + polygon.vertex_count;
 
    int v_idx1 = polygon.triangles[t_idx * 3];
    int v_idx2 = polygon.triangles[t_idx * 3 + 1];
    int v_idx3 = polygon.triangles[t_idx * 3 + 2];
 
    vec1 = Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3 + 1],
                           polygon.vertices[v_idx1 * 3 + 2]);
    vec2 = Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3 + 1],
                           polygon.vertices[v_idx2 * 3 + 2]);
    vec3 = Eigen::Vector3d(polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3], polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3 + 1],
                           polygon.vertices[v_idx3 * 3 + 2]);
 
    vec2 -= vec1;
    vec3 -= vec1;
 
    Eigen::Vector3d triangle_normal = vec2.cross(vec1);
 
    if (triangle_normal.dot(normal) < 0.0)
    {
      std::swap(solid->triangles[t_idx * 3 + 1], solid->triangles[t_idx * 3 + 2]);
    }
    else
    {
      std::swap(solid->triangles[(t_idx + polygon.triangle_count) * 3 + 1],
                solid->triangles[(t_idx + polygon.triangle_count) * 3 + 2]);
    }
  }
 
  for (unsigned v_idx = 0; v_idx < polygon.vertex_count; ++v_idx)
  {
    solid->vertices[(v_idx + polygon.vertex_count) * 3 + 0] = solid->vertices[v_idx * 3 + 0] - thickness * normal[0];
    solid->vertices[(v_idx + polygon.vertex_count) * 3 + 1] = solid->vertices[v_idx * 3 + 1] - thickness * normal[1];
    solid->vertices[(v_idx + polygon.vertex_count) * 3 + 2] = solid->vertices[v_idx * 3 + 2] - thickness * normal[2];
  }
 
  return solid;
}
}  // namespace semantic_world
}  // namespace moveit